point A. In three revolutions in 1789
I. revolution of the deputies: Declaration of the Third Estate to the National Assembly
- convening of the National Assembly stands in the old electoral law, despite much discussion and protests from the third level
- At the beginning of the Estates General Assembly in May 1789 still confident many of the clergy and at least some of the nobles seemed willing to reform, however, disappointed the king of the population -> Further, separate meetings, insufficient reforms
- Calls After a month of paralysis of the Abbé Sieyes Members of the first and second state to meet with those of the third estate together -> some reform-minded deputies responded to the call
- 17th June then the declaration of the third estate to the National Assembly -> REVOLUTIONARY (Rosseau) appoint subordinate Formerly the monarch deputies of the people are sovereign to represent the nation, and are intended to serve the Volonté Général (From "sujet" the subordinate to the "citizen", the citizens)
- king tried this to boycott store closed the meeting room after which the deputies in a nearby sports hall the Tennis Court Oath in which they themselves an obligation to do so long to decide to meet until a new constitution was drafted
- failed attempt to expel the resistance from the king Members by Mirabeau, king shuns of guns and violence finally, calls itself the 1 / 2 Rose up to meet with others
- 9th July 1789 proclaimed the Constituent Assembly solemnly to share consisting of members of all ranks and prepare their sovereignty with the king
è POLICY END OF ABSOLUTE MONARCHY
II Urban Revolution: The storm of Bastille
- Because of shortage of supply, the situation in cities is critical, citizens are restless
- can To make matters worse, King Ludwig troops around Paris and Versailles and contract, increasing the anxiety of the people in front of a more political turn
- Throughout Paris demonstrations and protests, eventually formed spontaneous resting of where customs houses were destroyed and weapons caches looted
- storm the Bastille more symbolic act: The Bastille was a state prison of the King with now only 7 prisoners and a small crew (symbol for freedom)
è psychologically because of a storm the Bastille, but a major boost to the confidence of citizens
- POLITICAL: Takeover of Government by upper middle class, education of the standing committee, militia (in Lafayette) and self-management of the municipality mayor (mayor) at the top -> LOCAL GOVERNMENT ROLE MODEL FOR MANY OTHER CITIES
III. Peasant revolution (Grande Peur)
- Grande Peur = The great fear (before Bettlegruppen, robber gangs and revenge of the monarchists)
- farmers denied the charges and plundered granaries of the landlords -> protest against tax duties and privileges of the landlords
- The Country, there was looting, protests and violent destruction of monasteries, castles and manor houses
è cause one part emotional (disappointment over failure to act in politics, rage against the privileged destroy landlords, and fear of monarchical revenge) but they are also instruments of duties and obligations and of course to be able to feed themselves
CONCLUSION: All three revolutions had their own reasons and took place independently influenced but together the outbreak and the course of the French Revolution. Here is the revolution in politics most likely planned, while the revolution in the city and the countryside from the tension and passion of the people is
In point B. Conversion the society and the state
I. ; changes in the law
- EQUALITY OF ART LAW / TAX: AUGUST - Decisions 1789 :
repeal of compulsory labor, aristocrat tax laws, feudal hunting rights, legal rights of landlords, the church tithes and other privileges
è Half mainly to wealthy farmers, as the privileges and special rights to be replaced with money had
AUGUST - THE DELIVERY OF HUMAN AND CIVIL RIGHTS (excerpts)
Under the guidance LIBERTY, EQUALITY and FRATERNITY (Liberte, Egalite et Fraternité)
è be the first time held fundamental rights for every citizen, to which he can rely, influences by natural law thinking of the Enlightenment , Montesqieus doctrine of separation of powers, Rosseaus doctrine of the general will like the American Declaration of Independence and the Virginia Bill of Rights
è REFERENCE FOR THE CONSTITUTION OF MODERN EUROPE
II The reform work of the Constituent Assembly
- June 1790 ABOLITION OF NOBILITY: Final Repeal of the estate society
- talk: woman suffrage Census suffrage (LIMITS OF THE CONSTITUTION (
- repeal old arbitrariness: Supreme Courts were closed, administrative, judicial, financial - tax - and rural reforms, independent judiciary,
- Economic: General property tax, the abolition of internal customs duties, professional and economic freedom instead of guilds (For prevention same prohibition of strikes and trade unions)
- administrative reform: large Instead of the old provinces of different size now to 83 Department, division of administrative machinery in the community> District> Department
- separation of Church and State: Church State Constitution, bishops were elected by department and payment of the clergy by the state
14th September 1791 Sworn King Louis XIV, the Constitution no longer king of the law, governed by the law -> but strong executive and a parliamentary monarchy -> CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY
III. overthrow of the monarchy
- king behaved always hesitant and opportunistic. Is Reformwilligkeit only externally before (necessary), advises, however, in secret with foreign countries (reaction: eg declaration of Pillnitz, the population applies even more to the king) and wants to return to power. As an escape fails and it comes to war abroad, the king finally discredited, is suspended and finally executed in 1793
è The constitutional monarchy has failed.
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